Off-season sex in Zymoseptoria tritici: little room for late encounters

This study follows findings showing that avirulent strains can engage in sexual reproduction on resistant host plants, even when they fail to cause visible symptoms during the biotrophic phase (Orellana-Torrejon et al., 2022). It build upon earlier evidence that sexual reproduction is driven by antagonistic density-dependent mechanisms (Suffert et al., 2018) and is influenced by the timing of co-infection (Suffert et al., 2016). In the present study, we focused on “marginal” processes, with the objective of examining the (de)coupling between those operating during the epidemic period (on living plants) and those occurring during the interepidemic period (on crop residues). We assessed whether various encounter scenarios between parental strains, involving co-inoculations performed either simultaneously or sequentially on living and dead wheat plants, could result in successful mating. A two-year experiment accounted for the compatibility between wheat varieties (one carrying the resistance gene Stb16q, the other not) and the strains (virulent or avirulent), and the nature of the inoculum (blastospores or pycnidiospores). The intensity of sexual reproduction was assessed for each scenario through quantification of ascospore production, complemented by genotyping of offspring to confirm their parental origin. The main result is that a Z. tritici strain arriving late on dead host tissues can still mate with a compatible strain that previously colonized the plant, whereas sexual reproduction does not occur if both strains arrive after the plant has dried. Quantitative analysis suggests that although matings initiated by late encounters on wheat residues are possible, they contribute very little to the overall offspring population (< 2 %). 

Reference:  Suffert F, Delanoue M, Le Prieur S, Noly A. 2025. Off-season sex in Zymoseptoria tritici: little room for late encounters. Fungal Genetics and Biology 181: 104043 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104043 [free access pdf]